Governments Responsibility on the Environment

Dealing with a Disability in the Hospitality Industry Free Essays

Managing Disability This report focuses on the impacts of managing a handicap in the Hospitality and Tourism Industry. There are numerous ways how incapacitated individuals can be influenced around there, for example, segregation in work, separation in being the client, bogus ad and absence of help and offices in the business. Regardless of whether it’s a psychological inability, for example, dyslexic or a physical handicap, for example, somewhat located it can affect both. We will compose a custom article test on Managing a Disability in the Hospitality Industry or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now For some in the travel industry and accommodation world incapacitated individuals implies wheelchair clients, it’s worth calling attention to that the Disability Rights Commission appraises that wheelchair clients speak to under five percent of impaired individuals (around 450,000). The business ought to likewise know that incapacity incorporates facial deformation, the individuals who have sensitivities and the evaluated one of every seven individuals who have a psychological well-being issue every year. Statics appear: Current appraisals propose that there are more than 9,000,000 incapacitated individuals in the UK, some 15% of the populace or to more than the consolidated populaces of Scotland and Wales. Related article: Relationship Between Tourism and Hospitality This figure incorporates 6. 5 million individuals of working age who have a current long haul incapacity or medical issue, 8. 7 million individuals who are hard of hearing or almost deaf, an expected 1. 8 million visually impaired or somewhat located individuals, 18,000 individuals who are customary Braille clients and 400,000 individuals who have a learning incapacity. In one sense, the travel industry and accommodation parts are as of now cooking for clients with a wide assortment of inabilities yet they regularly do this accidentally, given the way that numerous handicaps are not quickly self-evident. There are numerous popular individuals that endure with a type of inability, for example, Ludwig Van Beethoven that experiences deafness. Beethoven is generally viewed as probably the best arranger ever. Christy Brown an Irish Author, Painter and Poet is another renowned crippled individual. He was handicapped by cerebral paralysis and was inadequate for a considerable length of time of intentional development or discourse. Many debilitated individuals don’t have as much certainty as a non-incapacitated individuals and this is the place they disregard acclaimed individuals who made it exceptionally far throughout everyday life. Many debilitated individuals think that its elusive the correct convenience to suit their requirements and discover a settlement with the correct offices for them. Numerous instances of the correct offices could incorporate wheelchair inclines, wheelchair availability in the inns open territory (e. g. pool and feasting region), verbal declarations on the lift, Handrails in washrooms and width of entryways and so forth. A few organizations in the neighborliness business that are deficient in this lose visitors/clients without taking note. Bogus commercial is likewise utilized here for instance when lodgings express that they have handicapped or restricted portability offices in leaflets and on the web however they really don’t have these offices in the inn. ‘DisabledGo’ is an honor winning inability association that gives online access guides. Its site is intended to assist crippled with peopling find what they are searching for e. g. lodgings, eateries, films, vacation destinations and some more. Destinations like these can be an extraordinary assistance. Reference index: http://listverse. com/2010/01/18/top-10-phenomenal individuals with-incapacities/http://www. disabledgo. com/ The most effective method to refer to Dealing with a Disability in the Hospitality Industry, Essay models

Working With Children And Adolescents Example

Working With Children And Adolescents Example Working With Children And Adolescents â€" Essay Example > AbstractIndividuals encounter various issues during childhood and adolescence, primarily because of situational variability of their behaviors and cognitive inabilities. As explained by various theorists, these issues may develop to haunt or to affect normal functioning of the youths in adulthood if not addressed in time. The current essay relies on issues I faced during adolescence to explore how they will possibly affect my future work as a family and adolescent counselor. The essay explores my adolescence experiences, potential challenges I will encounter as adolescent and family counselor, counseling strategies to use and possible ethical issues under such challenges. Based on life experiences, various counseling strategies I will use include narrative therapy, directed questioning, TF-CBT, and family therapy. Working with Children and AdolescentsIndividuals encounter various issues during childhood and adolescence, primarily because of situational variability of their behavio rs and cognitive inabilities. To a larger extent, behavior in adolescence is a product of the environment, that is, behavior of adolescents is influenced by the context. Various psychological theories have associated this variability with immature cognitive abilities, which limit the ability of adolescents to make right decisions under various social encounters (Hinshaw, 1992). For instance, death of a parent or caregiver may predispose an adolescent to tantrums of anger, sadness, depression, bed-wetting behaviors, and other anti-social behaviors. Moreover, dysfunctional child-parent interactions may give rise to issues of loneliness, isolation, and fear, which may influence the children to engage in delinquent activities as a way to seek comfort and care absent in the family. As explained by various theorists, these issues may develop to haunt or to affect normal functioning of the youths in adulthood if not addressed in time. According to Kazantzis, Reinecke, and Freeman (2009), the major theories that explain development of psychological and behavioral problems over life include the behavioral, cognitive, and psychodynamic theories. Cognitive approaches suggest cognitively distorted views of experiences give rise to faulty patterns of behavior and thinking that eventually predispose people to psychological problems. Based on typology of mind (conscious, preconscious, and unconscious structures), psychodynamic theorists believe that feelings, behaviors, and thoughts that shapes experiences and interactions are the consequences of unconscious conflicts and drives. Behaviorists on the other hand, suggest that behavioral problems are the products of faulty learning during childhood and puberty. Believing that counseling should aim to address specific issues within the child’s environment, every theory put forwards different psychotherapeutic interventions and methods. The current essay relies on issues I faced during adolescence to explore how they will po ssibly affect my future work as a family and adolescent counselor. The essay explores my adolescence experiences, potential challenges I will encounter as adolescent and family counselor, counseling strategies to use and possible ethical issues under such challenges. Identification and Analysis of Relevant ExperiencesIdentification As an Australian female born in 1960, my childhood and adolescence life was full of bad memories, experiences, and events. My mother passed away when I was still a child aged 6 years. I fell pregnant at the age of 15 years, giving birth to a son at 16 years, and a daughter, 2 years later. The father of my children used to drink alcohol, which made him to become abusive at many instances. Following his physical assault, I took my children and left at the age of 19 years. This prompted him to put me through child welfare, claiming that I could not care for the children effectively. This led to endless court proceedings, which have become my worst nightmar es. Various theories, notably psychodynamic, behavioral, and cognitive, can explain the issues that dominated my adolescence period.

Asses the Marxist View That the Main Role of the Family Is...

Asses the Marxist view that the main role of the family is to serve the interest of capitalism. Within sociology there are many different perspectives on the family. Each different perspective sees different things as the main role of the family. Marxists view the family in a very disparaging light. They believe that the main role of the family is to serve the interest of capitalism and bourgeoisie. Marxists also believe that the family cushions the main provider. Karl Marxs view on the capitalistic mode of production highlights the exploitative nature of the economic system. He displays how the bourgeoisie take advantage of the proletariat and their labour, the proletariat are a tool used to create profit and to keep profit margins at†¦show more content†¦Marxists also believe that housewives are producing the next generation of the proletariat. This means that more people will be created to fill the jobs of the retiring proletariat. Marx claims that societies which make use of the capitalistic mode of production are exploitative, and this claim can be proven through his description of the needs of this system and the ways in which the bourgeoisie fulfil those needs. The capitalist mode of production requires exploitation because it relies on the profit created when using the proletariat as labour and the product of that labour is another market at a higher price. Because the means of production, or the technology, machinery, and methods involved in production, are so far advanced, the old mode of production of is no longer a viable option for a member of the proletariat to sustain himself. Therefore, he is bound to the bourgeoisie and is dependent upon it to give payment for his capacity to provide labour. It is clear by now that Marxist main focus is on the exploitative nature of capitalism and its use of family a tool in order to serve capitalist. Marxism puts across narrow views about what the family should be like and what it is actually like. They pose a strong argument to prove that the main question at hand is in fact true but it all appears to be bias. The main focus is economic exploitation and the idea of patriarchalShow MoreRelatedSociology5053 Words   |  21 Pagestraditional nuclear family in terms of an expressive role and an instrumental role. However, this traditional arrangement may have changed as families have changed, and many feminists use the term ‘dual burden’ to describe the woman’s role in the family today. Item 2B Government policies and laws include tax and benefit policies as well as legislation such as relating to divorce and marriage. Sociologists have different views on the impact of these policies and laws on families. For example, feminists

Analysis Of Ender s Game By Orson Scott Card - 2040 Words

Justin Hammond Instructor: Cajsa C. Baldini ENG 200 6 October 2015 Nature versus Nurture All of my life I have been a party to numerous arguments on what it takes to raise a child to be a responsible and well-adjusted adult. On the one hand, the discovery of genetics has led to a large field of research to support that we are predestined to certain activities. On the other hand, our environmental surroundings and the experiences we endure may also play a role in making us who we are. There are surely plenty of literary examples tackling this theme, but the one I plan to focus on is the novel Ender’s Game by Orson Scott Card. I think that this novel illustrates that it isn’t as simple as just saying â€Å"Nature vs Nurture†. The development of the individual is dependent on both, with varying degrees of dependence based on the person in question. The novel is set in a semi Utopian/Dystopian future where all of humanity has bound together due to an Invasion of alien beings called the Formics. The whole of humanity was saved by a s ingle commander by the name of Mazer Rackham. Because of this the International Fleet, genetically tests people for specific traits that may reveal the ultimate Commander that can win the war. I believe that the reason for this is because genetics are a good determination of your baseline traits. The government is basically practicing meta-analysis â€Å"a technique...in which results from a large number of individual studies of familial resemblance wereShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Ender s Game By Orson Scott Card877 Words   |  4 Pagesdirect causes, underlying factors manipulate and play a large role towards determining a culture. Psychologists and scholars share a deep curiosity about these factors in order to understand society and its conflict. In his book Ender’s Game, author Orson Scott Card highlights the complications of structural violence, inciting the reader to confront the consequences of hierarchy, discrimination, and stratification. Furthermore, in the articl e â€Å"Structural Violence,† authors Deborah DuNann Winter andRead MoreAnalysis Of Ender s Game By Orson Scott Card1328 Words   |  6 PagesEnder’s Game is a science fiction novel written by Orson Scott Card and was published on January 15, 1985. The story follows Andrew (Ender) Wiggin, a genius boy who is chosen to attend Battle School in hopes of being the savior of humanity against the alien buggers. Ender’s journey from an outcast into a commander seems to follow the steps of Joseph Campbell’s hero’s journey. Joseph Campbell was a writer who discovered after studying stories, religions, and mythologies, noticed similar themes andRead MoreAnalysis Of Orson Scott Card. The Nebula And Hugo Award Winning Ender s Game1354 Words   |  6 Pagesno author has had as great an impact on my worldview as Orson Scott Card. The Nebula and Hugo award winning Ender’s Game might be the best science-fiction novel I have ever read. The saga’s ce ntral character, Andrew (Ender) Wiggin, is the pith of child prodigies, for though his IQ is through the roof, his EQ, or emotional intelligence, is both immeasurable and unmatched. This was duly noted by his second-in-command, Bean, who outperformed Ender in every test the Battle School had to offer. For allRead MoreAnalysis Of Orson Scott Card s Game1090 Words   |  5 Pages25, 2017 A Look at Orson Scott Card’s Famous Ender’s Game by Anna Colby â€Å"Don’t grow up too fast,† a mother might have once cooed to her little one. Not anymore. Children are tested. If they’re worth anything, they’re taken to Battle School, where they train for war. Nearly a century ago, the Buggers attacked Earth. Now humans thirst for revenge. Their goal: to exterminate the race, no matter how many little kids’ minds they have to break in the process. When Ender Wiggin is pulled intoRead More Is It the Author, or His Content? Essay1404 Words   |  6 PagesOrson Scott Card’s novel, Ender’s Game, has been the most popular science fiction novel since its release is 1985. While the book is essentially a fantasy, it contains a lot of scientific and philosophical information that are both manifest and latent. The issue that critics argue over may not necessarily refer to the plot of the book, but rather to its moral dynamics. In this literary analysis, we will analyze Ender and his siblingâ€⠄¢s relationship by referencing the Personality Development theoryRead MoreEnder’s Game: A Simulation to Justify All Means3562 Words   |  15 Pagesï » ¿Ender’s Game: A Simulation to Justify All Means Enders Game is author Orson Scott Cards best-known work. The novel has sold over one million copies and is published worldwide (Whyte). The novel won the Hugo and Nebula award in 1986; science fiction’s most prestigious writing awards (University of Utah). In summary, the plot of the novel is a story about a young child, Ender Wiggin, taken away from his family by the International Fleet (a world order devoted to protecting the planet from spaceRead MoreHeroes reflect the best and worst in human nature900 Words   |  4 Pagesworst of human nature Repeat?. The novel Ender’s Game by Orson Scott Card, and the film Frozen directed by Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee, both explore these themes. In both texts, it is clear that a hero does portray the best and worst in human nature . Theme 1 To fathom that heroes reflect the greatest and worst in human nature, it’s important to know how compassion after the worst of destruction, results in love. In the novel Ender’s Game, when Ender understands the buggers sufficiently enough toRead MoreEssay about Architecture and Insecurity3226 Words   |  13 PagesArchitecture and Insecurity An Analysis of Architecture as Metapho in WG Sebald’s Austerlitz Deyan Sudjic, journalist for the New York Times, writes in his discussion of the potential Freedom Tower meant to replace the cavernous holes that mark where the twin towers once stood: Clearly, there is a psychological parallel between making a mark on the landscape and the exercise of political power†¦both depend on the imposition of will†¦and among the dictatorial†¦there is an inherent appeal in seeingRead MoreLiterary Criticism : The Free Encyclopedia 7351 Words   |  30 Pagesnovel is sometimes used interchangeably with Bildungsroman, but its use is usually wider and less technical. The birth of the Bildungsroman is normally dated to the publication of Wilhelm Meister s Apprenticeship by Johann Wolfgang Goethe in 1795–96,[8] or, sometimes, to Christoph Martin Wieland s Geschichte des Agathon of 1767.[9] Although the Bildungsroman arose in Germany, it has had extensive influence first in Europe and later throughout the world. Thomas Carlyle translated Goethe’s novel

Choosing Essay Topics for World History

Choosing Essay Topics for World History The Basic Facts of Essay Topics for World History It is not important to us, whether you're too busy on the job concentrating on a passion undertaking, or simply tired of a seemingly infinite stream of assignments. Remember that events of the previous 10 years are thought to be current affairs, so focusing on them is going to be a waste of time. Whether you're a history fan or not, selecting a topic all on your own can turn into a challenge. You now have the time to do all of the things you had postponed attempting to develop a topic. History papers can have a while to write. You may also get assistance if you opt to get a history research paper from a dependable service to guarantee the best grades. Writing a research paper about such a substantial moment in the American history can be very advantageous there's already plenty of research on the discipline. Write the very best research paper on those topics easily. What Essay Topics for World History Is - and What it Is Not You'd be hard-pressed to recognize any component of our modern world that wasn't influenced by ancient Greece in some manner. It's highly advised to concentrate on those events that altered the course of history or had a big effect on society. This topic implies discussing the use of the country in the formation of a nation's history, and the function of the increased idea (in this instance, religious) in forcing the nation to take a particular direction. Therefore, you can explore the Great Depression and the way that it predisposed the more maturation of American history in conditions of economic, social and labor factors. As soon as you understand such differences you can greatly enhance the caliber of your content without difficulty. The cost of an essay rides on the quantity of effort the writer has to exert. As you pay for homework, we provide those options free of charge. It is suggested to look for the one which has a very good reputation and offers high-quality papers at inexpensive prices. Therefore, nobody can determine that you obtain a history essay sample from us. Writing a superb task isn't difficult if you follow the proper actions. With the aid of such template, you can generate a prosperous paper on any political, religious or some other leader. The secret to a very good paper of this kind lays in the selection of a really intriguing topic. Definitions of Essay Topics for World History Don't forget, if you're writing an argument about whether they really existed, you are going to want to present evidence to back up your argument but will also will need to deal with the counterargument. When reading through such materials, it's important to take note of the major points which you would utilize to support your argument. It's thus important to remind the readers of your central argument and offer an overview of the chief points. The subject for discussion needs to be manageable, i.e. you ought to be in a position to discuss the subject in the most detailed way based on the amount of pages you need to write. Essay Topics for World History Secrets That No One Else Knows About The ordering procedure to receive your captivating and unique world history essay topics is quite straightforward. Otherwise, there are lots of style guides you can select from. Read more and discover your inspiration. Consult your teacher that will help you to earn a choice or search for interesting ideas online. Our company offers support to such students by offering excellent international history regents thematic essay topics. Thus, writing a history paper will surely be fun, if you simply pick a really intriguing history essay topic. In the event you can't find your subject here, don't hesitate to have a talk with our staff and set an order for a customized history essay on your specific subject. Essay Topics for World History Features Think of the subject of the history essay you've already written before. If you would like to compose a great history essay you'd better opt for a topic that's familiar to you. History essay topics aren't written to please a student in some manner. If you would like to choose nice and interesting American history essay topics, you must be mindful they ought to be specific and fairly narrow so that you're able to reflect on a particular problem or issue. If you wish to compose the essay yourself, we believe it would be best to decide on a universal subject or issue. Deciding upon an essay topic is easily the most significant part the writing process. Selecting the most suitable essay topic can occasionally be rather tricky. As a result, if your argumentative history essay topics aren't handled satisfactorily, you're totally free to request corrections.

Women and Development Essay Example

Women and Development Essay Enhancing women’s participation in economic development is essential not only for achieving social justice but also for reducing poverty. World wide experience shows clearly that supporting a stronger role for women contributes to economic growth, it improves child survival and overall family health and it reduces fertility thus helping to slow population growth rates. In short investing in women is central to sustainable development. And yet, despite these known returns, women still face many barriers in contributing to and benefiting from development.It is from this backdrop that this essay seeks to describe the ways and means to promote women’s participation in economic development. The essay will begin by defining the concept of economic development, after that it will go into describing the ways and means to promote women’s participation in economic development, in this essay the ways and means will be broken down into five areas, education, health, wage lab our, agriculture and natural resource management and financial services. Thereafter a conclusion will be drawn.The concept of economic development can be taken to mean the sustained, concerted actions of policy makers and communities that promote the standard of living and economic health of a specific area. Economic development can also be referred to as the quantitative and qualitative changes in the economy. Such actions can include multiple areas including development of human capital, critical infrastructure, regional competitiveness, environmental sustainability, social inclusion, health, safety, literacy and other initiatives (Todaro amp; Smith, 2005).Education is the most important means of empowering women with the knowledge, skills and self confidence necessary to participate fully in the development process. Education is important for everyone but it is especially significant for girls and women. This is true not only because education is an entry point to other opportuni ties, but also because the educational achievements of women can have ripple effects within the family and across generations. Investing in girls’ education is one of the most effective ways to reduce poverty.Investments in secondary school education for girls especially yield high dividends. Girls who have been educated are likely to marry later and to have smaller and healthier families. Educated women can recognize the importance of health care and know how to seek it for themselves and their children. Education helps girls and women to know their human rights and to gain confidence to claim them (Thompson, 2004). In addition to this, the education of parents is linked to their children’s educational attainment, and the mother’s education is usually more influential than the father’s.An educated mother’s greater influence in household negotiations may allow her to secure more resources for her children. Educated mothers are more likely to be in the labour force, allowing them to pay some of the costs of schooling, and may be more aware of returns to schooling. And educated mothers, averaging fewer children, can concentrate more attention on each child. Besides having fewer children, mothers with schooling are less likely to have mistimed or unintended births.This has implications for schooling, because poor parents must choose which of their children to educate (ibid). Closing the gender gap in education is a development priority. The 1994 Cairo Consensus recognised education especially for women, as a force for social and economic development. Universal completion of primary education was set as a 20- year goal, as was wider access to secondary and higher education among girls and women. Closing the gender gap in education by 2015 is also one of the benchmarks for the Millennium Development Goals.Therefore it must be stated that once women are educated, they are able to participate effectively in economic development (Vos senberg, 2013). Secondly there is the area of health, avoidable female deaths in the developing countries are strongly associated with health care and nutrition failures, whereas avoidable male mortality is associated more with behavioural occupational hazards that are less susceptible to prevention within the health sector, such as exposure to toxins, smoking, drug and alcohol use, violence and accidents.The low marginal costs of preventing women’s disability, illness, and premature death through family planning, nutritional supplementation, community based primary health care and safe mother hood programs (including safe abortion) argue for expanding such programmes in all countries especially in high mortality, high fertility settings. Health services that integrate nutrition training and supplementation, family planning, maternal and childcare and primary health care are the most effective in reaching women because they address a wide spectrum of women’s needs and responsibilities and save them time.In some settings the training of female health personnel may be particularly important, and combining care for women and children can help overcome some of the permission barriers that inhibit women from seeking health care. Ensuring that women have access to quality health care would enable them to effectively participate in economic development (World Bank, 1994). Thirdly there is the area of wage labour, unlike the strategies in education and health, those for increasing the participation rates of women and reducing wage differences between men and women are less proven.The main strategies here include increasing the productivity of women, reducing the constraints women face while participating in the labour market and improving the efficiency of the labour market. Providing childcare can reduce the household constraints that working women face, particularly in urban areas where the extended family often is not available to help. With broader c hildcare facilities available, women may not need to compromise on the type of jobs they accept. This would begin to bridge the male-female differences in earnings that cannot be attributed to human capital differences.For example the community childcare project in Colombia provides for the nutrition, health, and early-childhood development needs of children aged 2 through 6 in low income urban communities. Community mothers chosen by parents, care for about fifteen children each in their homes. The service support component of the project provides training to the community mothers and helps upgrade their homes to reach minimum standards for providing childcare. It increases the productive potential of mothers by offering alternative childcare arrangements, but its cost-effectiveness has yet to be evaluated (ibid).Removing policies of segregation and discrimination to promote access to jobs and making information available to lower the search costs associated with finding a job are other strategies. For instance the employment and training project in Turkey incorporates some of these actions, but it is too recent to provide insights about their effectiveness. In the ongoing projects in Turkey and Hungary, youth and adult counselling systems and career awareness are intended to be gender neutral.This is to ensure gender neutrality in job vacancies, the abolition of gender preferences can be specified as a project goal, as in the Turkey employment project. In countries where there is gender segregation, training projects for women could be designed to be more gender sensitive and address segregation issues. And where equal employment laws exist, countries can be encouraged to enforce them more rigorously. This would in turn ensure that more and more women are able to participate in economic development (Rakodi, 2005). The fourth area has to do with agriculture and natural resource management.The many responsibilities of rural women can impose time and energy con straints on their participation in programs designed to increase their incomes. Part of the strategy, therefore is to increase their productivity in existing tasks. However, given the option, many women want to escape the drudgery of many of these activities, highlighting the importance of increasing women’s options in agriculture and in home production. Many projects of the World Bank and other agencies include three basic interventions to improve the delivery of extension services to rural women.One is to improve the delivery of appropriate extension messages to women as a separate clientele. The second is to increase the number of female agents and supervisors in the extension system or to separate facilities, transportation, and other resources for extension women farmers. Delivering appropriate extension messages to women may entail revising the content and orientation of extension in order to address women farmers’ needs (Farnworth amp; Munachoga, 2010). Furtherm ore, women bear the burden of environmental degradation, as they have to trek long distances to fetch fuel wood and water.Natural resource management projects and policy oriented studies need to fully evaluate the costs and adverse externalities of environmental damage by including the direct and indirect costs to women’s activities. Deforestation, for example impose both direct and opportunity costs on women. Direct costs result when fuel wood resources are depleted (and must be purchased) and indirect costs occur when women have to walk long distances to obtain fuel wood. When they can be trained to contribute to environmental conservation.Such training in research and analysis of environmental problems and their causes and consequences can equip women to participate effectively in decision making on issues relating to environmental policy. Technology transfer if appropriately designed and adapted, could lead to more efficient use of resources, yield significant environment al benefits and enhance women’s productivity to use resources more sustainably (Rakodi, 2005). Natural resources management projects need to identify and consult women’s groups in order to ensure environmental conservation and sustainable management.Failure to identify and acknowledge the role of women in environmental processes can result in inappropriate interventions and jeopardize the success of environmental projects. Wherever women play a role in influencing policymaking on environment, investigators could document and learn from experience. Women’s groups and environmental NGOs can also play an important role (ibid). Lastly there is the area of financial services, high transaction costs, and high perceived risks of default, lack of collateral and social resistance commonly bar women’s access to credit.One way to reduce transaction costs is group lending, in which members accept joint liability for loans this relieves the lender of the costly proces s of checking the creditworthiness of individual borrowers and lowers the administrative costs per loan, which is particularly important if the average loan is very small. The groups take over many of the screening, incentive and enforcement functions normally left to banking staff. Group lending also spares borrowers elaborate application procedures, transportation costs, and the need for collateral.Other techniques for lowering transactions include inexpensive and mobile offices, hiring of staff from client communities, and standardized and decentralized procedures for lending. Group lending also lowers the risk of default. The combination of peer pressure and cooperative gained from participation in a group has proved to be an effective motivator for repayment in many different countries and settings worldwide (Vossenberg, 2013). Lack of collateral is a pervasive problem for the poor, and particularly for women who rarely have title to significant assets.Joint liability groups re place collateral with a collective guarantee in many programs. Providing access to financial services is necessary but not sufficient. Women who have never used a bank must be taught how to do so. Training and confidence building are especially important for women, who are likely to have less formal education and less experience with formal organizations and procedures. Alongside financial services, it is imperative to equip women with training in small enterprise, entrepreneurship and management, how to begin and successfully sustain an enterprise.When women have access to financial services, they will be better equipped to participate effectively in economic development (World Bank, 1994). In conclusion, this essay has discussed various ways and means of enhancing women’s participation in economic development. The first one being education, which has been identified as being the most important, this is because education gives women power, self confidence and the knowledge t hat can equip them to participate fully in economic development. The second one is health, access to good quality health enables women to effectively participate in economic growth.The third, point has to do with wage labour, there is need for more and more women to be incorporated into wage labour, this would ensure that women start getting a stable salary which would help them to have disposable income that they can invest in businesses, and eventually they would be able to participate in economic development. The last two points that have been discussed are agriculture and natural resource management and financial resources. When women are properly trained in the area of agriculture and finances, they are better able to participate in economic development. Women and Development Essay Example Women and Development Essay Enhancing women’s participation in economic development is essential not only for achieving social justice but also for reducing poverty. World wide experience shows clearly that supporting a stronger role for women contributes to economic growth, it improves child survival and overall family health and it reduces fertility thus helping to slow population growth rates. In short investing in women is central to sustainable development. And yet, despite these known returns, women still face many barriers in contributing to and benefiting from development.It is from this backdrop that this essay seeks to describe the ways and means to promote women’s participation in economic development. The essay will begin by defining the concept of economic development, after that it will go into describing the ways and means to promote women’s participation in economic development, in this essay the ways and means will be broken down into five areas, education, health, wage lab our, agriculture and natural resource management and financial services. Thereafter a conclusion will be drawn.The concept of economic development can be taken to mean the sustained, concerted actions of policy makers and communities that promote the standard of living and economic health of a specific area. Economic development can also be referred to as the quantitative and qualitative changes in the economy. Such actions can include multiple areas including development of human capital, critical infrastructure, regional competitiveness, environmental sustainability, social inclusion, health, safety, literacy and other initiatives (Todaro amp; Smith, 2005).Education is the most important means of empowering women with the knowledge, skills and self confidence necessary to participate fully in the development process. Education is important for everyone but it is especially significant for girls and women. This is true not only because education is an entry point to other opportuni ties, but also because the educational achievements of women can have ripple effects within the family and across generations. Investing in girls’ education is one of the most effective ways to reduce poverty.Investments in secondary school education for girls especially yield high dividends. Girls who have been educated are likely to marry later and to have smaller and healthier families. Educated women can recognize the importance of health care and know how to seek it for themselves and their children. Education helps girls and women to know their human rights and to gain confidence to claim them (Thompson, 2004). In addition to this, the education of parents is linked to their children’s educational attainment, and the mother’s education is usually more influential than the father’s.An educated mother’s greater influence in household negotiations may allow her to secure more resources for her children. Educated mothers are more likely to be in the labour force, allowing them to pay some of the costs of schooling, and may be more aware of returns to schooling. And educated mothers, averaging fewer children, can concentrate more attention on each child. Besides having fewer children, mothers with schooling are less likely to have mistimed or unintended births.This has implications for schooling, because poor parents must choose which of their children to educate (ibid). Closing the gender gap in education is a development priority. The 1994 Cairo Consensus recognised education especially for women, as a force for social and economic development. Universal completion of primary education was set as a 20- year goal, as was wider access to secondary and higher education among girls and women. Closing the gender gap in education by 2015 is also one of the benchmarks for the Millennium Development Goals.Therefore it must be stated that once women are educated, they are able to participate effectively in economic development (Vos senberg, 2013). Secondly there is the area of health, avoidable female deaths in the developing countries are strongly associated with health care and nutrition failures, whereas avoidable male mortality is associated more with behavioural occupational hazards that are less susceptible to prevention within the health sector, such as exposure to toxins, smoking, drug and alcohol use, violence and accidents.The low marginal costs of preventing women’s disability, illness, and premature death through family planning, nutritional supplementation, community based primary health care and safe mother hood programs (including safe abortion) argue for expanding such programmes in all countries especially in high mortality, high fertility settings. Health services that integrate nutrition training and supplementation, family planning, maternal and childcare and primary health care are the most effective in reaching women because they address a wide spectrum of women’s needs and responsibilities and save them time.In some settings the training of female health personnel may be particularly important, and combining care for women and children can help overcome some of the permission barriers that inhibit women from seeking health care. Ensuring that women have access to quality health care would enable them to effectively participate in economic development (World Bank, 1994). Thirdly there is the area of wage labour, unlike the strategies in education and health, those for increasing the participation rates of women and reducing wage differences between men and women are less proven.The main strategies here include increasing the productivity of women, reducing the constraints women face while participating in the labour market and improving the efficiency of the labour market. Providing childcare can reduce the household constraints that working women face, particularly in urban areas where the extended family often is not available to help. With broader c hildcare facilities available, women may not need to compromise on the type of jobs they accept. This would begin to bridge the male-female differences in earnings that cannot be attributed to human capital differences.For example the community childcare project in Colombia provides for the nutrition, health, and early-childhood development needs of children aged 2 through 6 in low income urban communities. Community mothers chosen by parents, care for about fifteen children each in their homes. The service support component of the project provides training to the community mothers and helps upgrade their homes to reach minimum standards for providing childcare. It increases the productive potential of mothers by offering alternative childcare arrangements, but its cost-effectiveness has yet to be evaluated (ibid).Removing policies of segregation and discrimination to promote access to jobs and making information available to lower the search costs associated with finding a job are other strategies. For instance the employment and training project in Turkey incorporates some of these actions, but it is too recent to provide insights about their effectiveness. In the ongoing projects in Turkey and Hungary, youth and adult counselling systems and career awareness are intended to be gender neutral.This is to ensure gender neutrality in job vacancies, the abolition of gender preferences can be specified as a project goal, as in the Turkey employment project. In countries where there is gender segregation, training projects for women could be designed to be more gender sensitive and address segregation issues. And where equal employment laws exist, countries can be encouraged to enforce them more rigorously. This would in turn ensure that more and more women are able to participate in economic development (Rakodi, 2005). The fourth area has to do with agriculture and natural resource management.The many responsibilities of rural women can impose time and energy con straints on their participation in programs designed to increase their incomes. Part of the strategy, therefore is to increase their productivity in existing tasks. However, given the option, many women want to escape the drudgery of many of these activities, highlighting the importance of increasing women’s options in agriculture and in home production. Many projects of the World Bank and other agencies include three basic interventions to improve the delivery of extension services to rural women.One is to improve the delivery of appropriate extension messages to women as a separate clientele. The second is to increase the number of female agents and supervisors in the extension system or to separate facilities, transportation, and other resources for extension women farmers. Delivering appropriate extension messages to women may entail revising the content and orientation of extension in order to address women farmers’ needs (Farnworth amp; Munachoga, 2010). Furtherm ore, women bear the burden of environmental degradation, as they have to trek long distances to fetch fuel wood and water.Natural resource management projects and policy oriented studies need to fully evaluate the costs and adverse externalities of environmental damage by including the direct and indirect costs to women’s activities. Deforestation, for example impose both direct and opportunity costs on women. Direct costs result when fuel wood resources are depleted (and must be purchased) and indirect costs occur when women have to walk long distances to obtain fuel wood. When they can be trained to contribute to environmental conservation.Such training in research and analysis of environmental problems and their causes and consequences can equip women to participate effectively in decision making on issues relating to environmental policy. Technology transfer if appropriately designed and adapted, could lead to more efficient use of resources, yield significant environment al benefits and enhance women’s productivity to use resources more sustainably (Rakodi, 2005). Natural resources management projects need to identify and consult women’s groups in order to ensure environmental conservation and sustainable management.Failure to identify and acknowledge the role of women in environmental processes can result in inappropriate interventions and jeopardize the success of environmental projects. Wherever women play a role in influencing policymaking on environment, investigators could document and learn from experience. Women’s groups and environmental NGOs can also play an important role (ibid). Lastly there is the area of financial services, high transaction costs, and high perceived risks of default, lack of collateral and social resistance commonly bar women’s access to credit.One way to reduce transaction costs is group lending, in which members accept joint liability for loans this relieves the lender of the costly proces s of checking the creditworthiness of individual borrowers and lowers the administrative costs per loan, which is particularly important if the average loan is very small. The groups take over many of the screening, incentive and enforcement functions normally left to banking staff. Group lending also spares borrowers elaborate application procedures, transportation costs, and the need for collateral.Other techniques for lowering transactions include inexpensive and mobile offices, hiring of staff from client communities, and standardized and decentralized procedures for lending. Group lending also lowers the risk of default. The combination of peer pressure and cooperative gained from participation in a group has proved to be an effective motivator for repayment in many different countries and settings worldwide (Vossenberg, 2013). Lack of collateral is a pervasive problem for the poor, and particularly for women who rarely have title to significant assets.Joint liability groups re place collateral with a collective guarantee in many programs. Providing access to financial services is necessary but not sufficient. Women who have never used a bank must be taught how to do so. Training and confidence building are especially important for women, who are likely to have less formal education and less experience with formal organizations and procedures. Alongside financial services, it is imperative to equip women with training in small enterprise, entrepreneurship and management, how to begin and successfully sustain an enterprise.When women have access to financial services, they will be better equipped to participate effectively in economic development (World Bank, 1994). In conclusion, this essay has discussed various ways and means of enhancing women’s participation in economic development. The first one being education, which has been identified as being the most important, this is because education gives women power, self confidence and the knowledge t hat can equip them to participate fully in economic development. The second one is health, access to good quality health enables women to effectively participate in economic growth.The third, point has to do with wage labour, there is need for more and more women to be incorporated into wage labour, this would ensure that women start getting a stable salary which would help them to have disposable income that they can invest in businesses, and eventually they would be able to participate in economic development. The last two points that have been discussed are agriculture and natural resource management and financial resources. When women are properly trained in the area of agriculture and finances, they are better able to participate in economic development.